In a chapter in an edited volume on the role of culture in depression, Gananath
Obeyesekere begins by quoting from Brown and Harris’s influential 1978 study on
the social origins of depression in women:
The immediate response to loss of an important source of positive value is likely to be
a sense of hopelessness, accompanied by a gamut of feelings, ranging from distress,
depression, and shame to anger. Feelings of hopelessness will not always be restricted
to the provoking incident—large or small. It may lead to thoughts about the hope-
lessness of one’s life in general. It is such generalization of hopelessness that we believe
forms the central core of depressive disorder. (Brown & Harris, 1978, p. 235)
To this Obeyesekere responds:
This statement sounds strange to me, a Buddhist, for if it was placed in the context of
Sri Lanka, I would say that we are not dealing with a depressive but a good Buddhist.
The Buddhist would take one further step in generalization: it is not simply the general
hopelessness of one’s own lot; that hopelessness lies in the nature of the world,
and salvation lies in understanding and overcoming that hopelessness.
One might want to quibble with Obeyesekere; one might demand more
evidence—both psychological and ethnographic—for the similarities he sees
between good Sri Lankan Buddhists and American depressives. Do Sri Lankan
Buddhists really aspire to a state that we would associate with depression? Or is the
very idea of depression so culturally and historically constructed as to mitigate its
cross-cultural utility? However one parses these issues, on purely doctrinal grounds
Obeyesekere has a point: early Buddhist sutras in general, and Theravada teachings
in particular, hold that (1) to live is to suffer, (2) the only genuine remedy to suffer-
ing is escape from samsara (the phenomenal world) altogether, and (3) escape
requires, among other things, abandoning hope that happiness in this world is
possible.
If one has any doubts, consider the advanced stages of insight described in the
Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), an authoritative Pali compendium composed
by the 5th-century monk Buddhaghosa in Sri Lanka. After an exhaustive account
of the various practices and meditative states discussed in the scriptures,
Buddhaghosa turns to the ascending “stages of insight” that immediately precede
the attainment of liberation. The eight stages of insight include “knowledge of
dissolution,” “knowledge of appearance as terror,” and “knowledge of danger,”
and Buddhaghosa resorts to vivid similes to capture the affective tone that accom-
panies these rarefied states. One of the most harrowing is found in the description
of “knowledge of appearance as terror”:
A woman’s three sons had offended against the king, it seems. The king ordered their
heads to be cut off. She went with her sons to the place of their execution. When they
had cut off the eldest one’s head, they set about cutting off the middle one’s head.
Seeing the eldest one’s head already cut off and the middle one’s head being cut off,
she gave up hope for the youngest, thinking, “He too will fare like them.” Now, the
meditator’s seeing the cessation of past formations is like the woman’s seeing the
eldest son’s head cut off. His seeing the cessation of those present is like her seeing
the middle one’s head being cut off. His seeing the cessation of those in the future,
thinking, “Formations to be generated in the future will cease too,” is like her giving
up hope for the youngest son, thinking, “He too will fare like them.” When he sees in
this way, knowledge of appearance as terror arises in him at that stage. (Buddhaghosa,
1956/1976, Vol. 2, p. 753)
In other words, the emotional valence of this advanced stage of insight is likened to
that of a mother being forced to witness the execution of all three of her sons.
Could one imagine a more disturbing image of human anguish? Yet, according to
Theravada teachings, it is necessary to experience such despair—to confront the
unmitigated horror of sentient existence—so as to acquire the resolve necessary to
abandon the last vestiges of attachment to things of this world. Obeyesekere would
seem to have a point: states akin to what we identify as “depression” would seem to
be valorized, if only for the insight they engender, on the Buddhist path.
Yet today Buddhist insight is touted as the very antithesis of depression. Rather
than cultivating a desire to abandon the world, Buddhism is seen as a science of
happiness—a way of easing the pain of existence. Buddhist practice is reduced to
meditation, and meditation, in turn, is reduced to mindfulness, which is touted as a
therapeutic practice that leads to an emotionally fulfilling and rewarding life.
Mindfulness is promoted as a cure-all for anxiety and affective disorders including
post-traumatic stress, for alcoholism and drug dependency, for attention-deficit
disorder, for anti-social and criminal behavior, and for the commonplace debilitat-
ing stresses of modern urban life.