Marriage has shown an amazing variety over the centuries, and still does so today. Amongst the variations for which we have words in English are polygamy, polygyny, polyandry, endogamy, exogamy, common law marriage, and of course monogamy. There are also 'arranged marriages' and 'political marriages' (an idea which seemed to have peaked in the middle ages.)
Concubinage, the practice of forming a somewhat enduring union with some other woman than the wife, or such union between two unmarried persons, has prevailed to some extent among most peoples, even among some that had attained a high degree of civilization, as the Greeks and Romans.
Gay marriage was practiced in the early Christian church, but fell out of favor during the dark ages. Yale history professor John Boswell found ceremonies called, among other titles, the "Office of Same Sex Union" (10th and 11th century Greek) or the "Order for Uniting Two Men" (11th and 12th century). See
http://tinyurl.com/222m6 for an article about historical gay marriages, and
http://tinyurl.com/39dra for a review of Boswell's research.
Even in the present day, many Mormons enter into 'plural marriages', despite this being against U.S. law. This occurs mostly in Utah and the surrounding states, but it's not that uncommon.
Among the Nair people, who inhabit India's Malabar Coast, a woman may marry several men of equal or superior rank. In areas of Tibet, a woman may marry the eldest brother of a family and then also take his brothers as mates.
The United Nations recognizes marriage between more than two people.
Posted by: coyote on March 25, 2004 03:56 PM