...... question I have about Catholicism, in particular. ............I don't really understand how it works, or how the various levels of martyrs, saints, angels, arch-angels, devils, etc. relate to each other, and where they fall in the hierarchy compared to God.
I was brought up very-Catholic (as opposed to being just plain-old-regular Catholic
), so I can take a stab at this one.
All of the things you mentioned (angels, demons, arch-angels, saints, martyrs, etc.) are all created beings. Nothing and no one is higher than or even equal to God. Angels were created before people. Archangels are just higher ranking angels, sort of like 'generals' in the angelic armies. Neither angels nor archangels are to be prayed to or worshipped. They are other beings, created by God, that do God's will (or not - I believe they also have free will). There is some debate over whether human beings are ranked 'higher' or 'lower', but for now let's just say we're 'different', and were created for different purposes.
Martyrs are people who were killed because of their testimony of Jesus Christ. Their faith ended up costing them their lives. They are not super-beings. They are not of a higher rank. They are people just like you and me, only their faith and steadfastness even in the face of opposition are good examples worth following.
Saints are not worshipped either, and are not viewed as equal to God, or even as 'demi-gods'. In the strictest sense, a 'saint' is anyone who is in the family of God through faith. This includes all the believers in God of old, like Moses, and Abraham, and King David. It also includes all the faithful followers of Jesus, like Peter, and Paul, and Mary (even if they aren't 'Leaving on a Jet Plane'
). This makes 'the saints' the collection of all the faithful - past, present, and future.
Obviously, no one but God would know the names of all "the faithful" from all ages of time, and only God would be able to know someone's heart (to tell if an individual is really 'faithful', or a hypocrite, or a religious 'poser'). However, in certain cases, the Catholic Church has identified individuals who have shown the evidence of faith in their lives, and have proof of several miracles in direct answer to their prayers. The Catholic Church may 'canonize' such individuals, or recognize them 'officially' as saints.
In such cases, saints may be 'prayed to' in the sense of 'petitioned', or 'asked' - just like I might ask a close friend to pray for me, a Catholic might ask Saint Matthew to pray for him, and for the same reason - both my friend sitting right next to me and Saint Matthew in heaven are alive and in relationship to God through faith, and so can pray. Ultimately, it is God we are all asking for help.
The problem comes in practice - just like jarrod's original post. Even though the official Catholic position and teaching would be against the worship of any saint, that distinction is lost in practice among some rank-n-file Catholics, so in effect, many Catholics do worship saints. Also, through the years, the veneration of Mary (the earthly mother of Jesus) has grown to the point where she is officially called a 'co-redemptrix' (making her equal in redemption to Christ), and it is taught that she never died, never sinned, and is now seated as the 'queen of heaven'. (That's where I sort of made my own personal Exodus from the Roman Catholic Church)
Confused yet?
It also leads to another discussion: the one that lead to the separation between Judaism and Christianity. Jews believe that the Messiah will not come until the entire human race believes there is only one God - an occurrence that has not yet happened. That's why Jews don't believe Jesus was the Messiah - the conditions for the coming of the Messiah have not been met. So how does the above question about Catholicism and this one affect the question of monotheism?
Interesting, because my understanding is that the world can only believe in one God
because of the Messiah (Isaiah 49:6), and others would only believe
when He returns (Zech 12:10).
Of course, Jews being the Chosen people has caused all sorts of controversy over the years (after all, how dare we consider ourselves "chosen")
I always thought this begged a bigger question: "Chosen .... for what?" If God is truly sovereign (which I believe He is), then He has a specific plan for every individual, and every nation, and every people that he created (I don't see Him as making a lot of back-stage extras with no speaking parts). I think there could be nothing better in life than to find your own part in His project and jump right into it.
My own understanding is that God's plan for the Jewish nation (the 'what for' of their being Chosen) was to make Him known (see Isaiah 43:10). Their 'job description' was to make known the one true God, and I believe this happened through Jesus as the Messiah - I know that we disagree on this, but consider that 1/4 of the world's population believes in the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob because of the word of this one 'Member of the Tribe'.
How does all this relate to the original questions about monotheism? At the root, all three of these faiths (Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Christianity-as-understood-by-me) are all monotheistic, and we are all seeking to understand the same One God.