Hi Frank, The proper context is fairly easy to understand from a combatives perspective. It isn't that Judo is useless in H2H combat, indeed many elements can be quite effective in a proper setting. Rather we have to understand the era and the needs of the mission of WWII combatives. The goal was to be easily trained in a short amount of time, using gross motor skills which are retained in long term membory while being effective and brutal (and even lethal) in the quickest time possible under adverse conditions. Judo doesn't qualify under these conditions. Judo is about leverage, gaining control/balance over your an opponent under more ideal conditions. WWII combatives on the other hand weren't concerned with control or looking for a balance opening, rather it was a quick and brutal onslaught to disable, disarm or kill. Again, Judo isn't on the useless list. But it doesn't make the H2H combatives list either for the conditions they were looking to meet. They did a very effective job with what they had to work with and the mission they were looking to succeed in.