Among those patted down by police, 70% said they were also
handcuffed or force was threatened or used during the contact.
For the 5 out of 6 respondents who attributed the contact to police
suspicions about them and who were not patted down, less than 6%
reported that they were handcuffed or threatened with force or had force
used against them.
It cannot be determined from these data the order in which the
police decisions occurred to pat down, handcuff, or invoke force
or the threat of force or even whether the police considered
respondents as suspects prior to engaging in any of these
actions. What is known is that about 8 out of 10 people who
felt the police considered them possible suspects or who
indicated they believed that the police were suspicious about
them during a contact also reported they were not patted down,
were not handcuffed, and were not threatened with force.
Potential provocation during police-citizen contacts
Because of the small number of respondents in the Police-Public
Contact Survey who reported use of force or the threat of force,
no firm conclusions can be drawn about possible provocation by the respondent
even if he or she may have self-reported such provocation during
a forceful contact with police. Therefore, the specific actions
of the respondent are not presented.
Respondents who reported that they were threatened with force or
against whom force was used were queried about any of their
behaviors during the contact with police that could have
provoked police. Among the estimated 500,000 persons who were
threatened with force or against whom force was actually used,
most self-reported that they had engaged in at least 1 of the
following -- threatening the officer, assaulting the officer,
arguing with the officer, interfering with the officer in the
arrest of someone else, possessing a weapon, blocking an officer
or interfering with his/her movement, trying to escape or evade
the officer, resisting being handcuffed, resisting being placed
in a police vehicle, inciting bystanders to become involved,
trying to protect someone else from an officer, or drinking or
using drugs at the time of the contact.
Of the 6,421 persons interviewed in the Police-Public Contact
Survey, 14 (representing 500,000 persons) said police used or
threatened force. The 14 were then asked a series of questions
intended to determine if their conduct at the time may have pro-
voked police to use force. Ten gave answers that suggested they
may have provoked police. Answers from the remaining four did
not suggest provocation. No firm conclusions can be drawn from
these results. The main reason is that the sample upon which
results are based is too small to yield a reliable national
estimate of the number of instances of unprovoked police use of force.
Conclusions
Given the small number of cases, a preliminary conclusion that
could be drawn is that use of force is rare in police-citizen
contacts and it is often accompanied, according to the self-reports
of respondents, by some possibly provocative behavior. Larger samples of
citizens in the future would help to clarify both the extent and
type of provocation in cases of police use of force and, more
importantly, shed light on those interactions in which no
potential provocation was reported to have occurred.