I not sure I get that all. But then as I said I am not a Korean speaker nor writer. I can read the characters, but I may not know where one word ends and another begins, and even then, probably won't know more than one word of many. I am aware that some Chinese words are used for instance, to denote a day of the week, Tuesday in your example of fire-day. In restaurants Chinese characters are, or at least used to be used for amounts of money.
But none of that really relates to the fact that Chinese words entered the Korean language due to spending so much time under the suzerainty of China. It only gives examples of what some of the words were. My point above was about how the adoption occurred. That was my bad as it really didn't relate to the OP's question about translating a document, other than your statement that English is derived from Latin. That myth has been around for a long time. I can remember a teacher telling me that in the 50s.